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Present perfect, part 2
Topic: Verb tenses
Our focus will be on the present perfect and the present perfect progressive
This is part two
And we continue to help you understand the present perfect by explaining reasons why we use the tense
Now let’s talk about a second reason why we use the present perfect
And I will use an example about my family
October, November, December, these are months when the weather turns cold and rainy and possibly snowy
At least, here in New England
In short, this is a time when people get sick
They get colds, they get the flu
My family has visited the doctor several times already
Why did I say, “Has visited”?
Because it’s still December
This period of time is not over yet
It’s incomplete, it’s unfinished
So to talk about an unfinished period of time, we can use the present perfect
There may be more visits to the doctor within this period of time
Once, again, the second reason for using the present perfect to express an unfinished period of time
The action likely happened repeatedly in the past
And the present perfect suggests that the action may happen again in the future
Before we consider the two examples below
Let’s look at the time line
The period and question began in the past, continue to the present and possibly existent to the future
It’s an unopened and unfinished period of time
First example, My family has visited the doctor several times already
The word “visit” in the past and there is maybe more in the future
Second example, The topic has been requested many times
The word “request” for the topic in the past
And there is maybe more requests in the future
And if there are i'll tell the viewers to watch the lesson
Sometimes it’s easier to understand one verb tense when you contrast it with another
I said that “My family has visited the doctor several times already”
The year is not over yet
There are a few more weeks before the end of the year
So there may be more visits to the doctor
It’s an unfinished period of time
But what about the last year 2007?
2007 is over and done with
It’s a finished... It’s a complete period of time
So I can say that last year we only went to the doctor two times
Went, we went to the doctor two times in 2007
2008?
We’ve visited the doctor several times already, “have visited” because 2008 is not over yet
So when we contrast the two tenses, we see that the present perfect expresses an unfinished or open period of time
The simple past expresses a finished or closed period of time
Now try again to understand the difference through the two examples using the present perfect
My family has visited the doctor several times already this year
This year is 2008
It’s not over
And with the simple past, My family visited the doctor only two times in 2007
2007 is a closed period of time
Now let’s me tell you about a third reason why we might use the present perfect
And I’ll use my work as an example
Some of you may know that I don’t just post videos here on Youtube
I write material for English language learners and for teachers of English as a second or foreign language
I’ve written several textbooks – a few in Russia and some here in the United States
Now why did I say “I’ve written some textbooks?"
Well, because it’s not really important for me for me to tell you the dates of publication
I said “I’ve written” because I’m talking about the general past – an unspecified past
I don’t need to be specific about the times that I wrote these books
I’m just telling you that these are things that I did in the past
I’ve written textbooks
I can also add those that the statement implies
That there is a hope I will write more
It’s similar to the sentence “My family has visited the doctor several times already”
Just as there may be more visits to the doctor
There are maybe more textbooks in the future I hope
Again, a third reason why we may use the present perfect is to talk about general experience in the past or past actions at unnamed or unspecified times
Consider the two examples
In both cases, I' m speaking in general about my professional experience
The first “I’ve written some textbooks”
The second “I’ve taught private and group classes”
Now, do you need to know when exactly I wrote the book
Or when exactly I taught the classes?
No, you don’t
So in the present perfect times and dates are unspecified usually because they are not important but they can also be unknown
Now, I'd like of the third reason
Let’s make another contrast between the present perfect and the simple past
The present perfect can express the general past
"I’ve written some textbooks” when exactly the date isn’t specified
With the simple past we name the specific, “My first book came out in 2000”
So, should we have the specific date
And we can show a point or time line
We need to use the simple past not the present perfect
Exercise: choose the best verb tense to complete the statement: the present perfect or the simple past
Number one read the statement to yourself and then I’ll tell you the answer
Answer “ I have been or I’ve been to Siberia two times. I’d love to return one day with my husband and children”
I said “I’ve been” because there are suggestions of future visit
I don’t think the simple past is incorrect
But I think that the present perfect is the best choice here
Number two, answer, “I won’t be able to return to my hometown of Pittsburgh before the end of the year, but I saw my parents back in May and again in October"
The only choice here is the simple past. “ I saw”
First of all, we have the specified mention of time in May in October
Second , although the year is not uncompleted at the time I’m speaking
This is no suggestion of additional visits
Number three. Answer, “My husband and I have traveled abroad"
"We were in Belgium in 2001 and we loved it"
"We talk about going back there one day”
The first sentence uses the present perfect
It’s the better choice because we’re speaking about a shared general past experience
Also at the end of statement there is suggestion of future travel
In the second sentence, We have specific date mention in 2001
2001 is a finished period of time so we must use the simple past
I hope you’ve understood everything so far
Please, go on to the next part of this lessons
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